How to unwrap the type of a Promise?

Say I have the following code:

async promiseOne() {
  return 1
} // => Promise

const promisedOne = promiseOne()

typeof promisedOne // => Promised

How would I go about extracting the type of the promise result (in this simplified case a number) as its own type?

TypeScript 4.5

The Awaited type is now built in to the language, so you don't need to write one yourself.

type T = Awaited> // => number

TypeScript 4.1 through 4.4

You can implement this yourself, with several possible definitions. The simplest is:

type Awaited = T extends PromiseLike ? U : T
// Awaited> = number

Note that this type uses PromiseLike rather than Promise. This is important to properly handle user-defined awaitable objects.

This uses a conditional type to check if T looks like a promise, and unwrap it if it does. However, this will improperly handle Promise>, unwrapping it to Promise. Awaiting a promise can never give a second promise, so a better definition is to recursively unwrap promises.

type Awaited = T extends PromiseLike ? Awaited : T
// Awaited>> = number

The definition used by TypeScript 4.5 (source) is more complicated than this to cover edge cases that do not apply to most use cases, but it can be dropped in to any TypeScript 4.1+ project.
TypeScript 2.8 through 4.0

Before TypeScript 4.1, the language did not have intentional support for recursive type aliases. The simple version shown above will still work, but a recursive solution requires an additional object type to trick the compiler into thinking that that the type is not recursive, and then pulling the property out that we want with an indexed access type.

type Awaited = T extends PromiseLike
  ? { 0: Awaited; 1: U }[U extends PromiseLike ? 0 : 1]
  : T

This is officially not supported, but in practice, completely fine.
TypeScript before 2.8

Before TypeScript 2.8 this is not directly possible. Unwrapping a promise-like type without the conditional types introduced in 2.8 would require that the generic type be available on the object, so that indexed access types can be used to get the value.

If we limit the scope of the type to a single level of promises, and only accept promises, it is technically possible to do this in 2.8 by using declaration merging to add a property to the global Promise interface.

interface Promise {
    __promiseValue: T
}
type Awaited> = T["__promiseValue"]

type T = Awaited> // => string

Stack Overflow Q#48011353, score: 474