How do I run Terraform with AWS MFA?

I'm using Terraform with the terraform-provider-aws provider to manage my AWS infrastructure. I'm trying to enable mfa_delete on an S3 bucket, but when I try to apply the change I get this error:

1 error occurred:
        * aws_s3_bucket.logs: 1 error occurred:
        * aws_s3_bucket.logs: Error putting S3 versioning: AccessDenied: Mfa Authentication must be used for this request
        status code: 403, request id: , host id: 

How can I run Terraform in a mode that uses multi-factor authentication? My IAM account has a Virtual MFA device attached, but that MFA isn't used when I'm terraforming because terraform uses the API Access Key associated with my account.

The solution is to specify an assume_role statement:

provider "aws" {
  profile = "default"
  assume_role {
    role_arn = "arn:aws:iam::[ACCOUNT_ID]:role/terraform-test-role"
  }
}

StackExchange DevOps Q#11368, answer score: 4