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How do you find SQL Server version/edition without SSMS installed?

Submitted by: @import:stackexchange-dba··
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withoutssmshowyousqlversionfindservereditioninstalled

Problem

How do find out which edition is installed without having the management studio installed? I have a server that functions as a license manager for another software. Upon investigation of a high RAM usage alert, I found that the sqlservr.exe process is taking up almost 2 GB of RAM.

I looked through the program menu and found that the configuration manager was installed, otherwise, it is pretty bare bones. I clicked on properties of the EXE file and found 10.50.1600.1, but there is no place that I've found that states whether it is Express, Dev, STN, ENT, etc.

If I had to guess, this is an express edition, but I wanted to know if there is an obvious tell-tale sign.

Update:
@Bob - The file tells me what I know, not the edition.

@valo - I get the following error when I run that command and I did verify named pipes was enabled:


HResult 0x35, Level 16, State 1
Named Pipes Provider: Could not open a connection to SQL Server [53].
Sqlcmd: Error: Microsoft SQL Server Native Client 10.0 : A network-related or instance->specific error has occurred while establishing a connection to SQL Server. Server is not >found or not accessible. Check if instance name is correct and if SQL Server is configured >to allow remote connections. For more information see SQL Server Books Online..
Sqlcmd: Error: Microsoft SQL Server Native Client 10.0 : Login timeout expired.

@thomas - I noticed the Stock Keeping Unit Name before I asked the question, but that seemed too easy, I guess my initial suspicion was correct.

Solution

If the SQL Server service is running (which based on your description, it is) check the SQL Server error log. You don't need SSMS installed to do this as it is just a text file. File location may vary depending on how it was installed, but Books Online shows the default location here.

The first entry in the log should contain the version/edition information.

Edit: Despite the comment in the question above, this most certainly does tell you the edition:

2014-06-08 00:05:00.050 spid158      Microsoft SQL Server 2012 (SP1) - 11.0.3381.0 (X64) 

Aug 23 2013 20:08:13 

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation

Enterprise Edition: Core-based Licensing (64-bit) on Windows NT 6.2  (Build 9200: )

Code Snippets

2014-06-08 00:05:00.050 spid158      Microsoft SQL Server 2012 (SP1) - 11.0.3381.0 (X64) 

Aug 23 2013 20:08:13 

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation

Enterprise Edition: Core-based Licensing (64-bit) on Windows NT 6.2 <X64> (Build 9200: )

Context

StackExchange Database Administrators Q#67985, answer score: 19

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